Reminder! Two Important EPA Meetings This Week To Discuss Proposed Gowanus Canal Cleanup Plan

As many of you no doubt already know, on December 27th, the Environmental Protection Agency released the Proposed Plan for the Superfund clean-up of the Gowanus Canal. The agency has scheduled two public meetings, one in Carroll Gardens and the second in Red Hook, to discuss the details and to answer questions about the plan. I urge everyone in the community to attend since this is the best opportunity to speak directly with Christos Tsiamis, EPA's Project Manager for the Gowanus and with members of his team. So come prepared with your questions.

Above, pleased find the details about the meetings.  *Note that the time for the Carroll Gardens meeting has been changed from 7 PM to 6:30 Pm to allow for more time.

To access the EPA’s proposed plan for the Gowanus Canal site or for more information on the canal, visit http://www.epa.gov/region02/superfund/npl/gowanus/ or visit the EPA’s document repositories at the Carroll Gardens Library at 396 Clinton St. in Brooklyn or the Joseph Miccio Community Center, 110 West 9th Street, Brooklyn.

The EPA will accept public comments on its proposed plan until March 28, 2013.
Written comments on the proposed plan should be addressed to:

Christos Tsiamis

Project Manager

Central New York Remediation Section

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

290 Broadway, 20th Floor

New York, New York 10007-1866

e-mail: GowanusCanalComments.Region2@epa.gov

OR, contact Natalie Loney, Community Involvement Coordinator, at 212-637-3639,

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EPA Region 2 Releases Its Proposed Plan For The Superfund Clean-Up Of The Gowanus Canal

As planned, EPA Region 2 just released its proposed plan for the clean-up of the Gowanus Canal. This is great news for the Gowanus Community. Even better news still is that the proposed plan also includes "controls to prevent raw sewage overflows and other land-based sources of contamination from compromising the cleanup."
It's a huge step, which brings us ever so closer to actually starting the actual clean-up of the polluted waterway. The fact that the proposed plan addresses the Combined Sewer Overflow is a major victory for neighborhood residents, who had advocated that the CSO issue be resolved.
Below is the EPA press release:

EPA Proposes Plan for Cleaning Up Gowanus Canal

Multi-million Dollar Cleanup to Revitalize Polluted Brooklyn Waterway

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency today announced a proposed cleanup plan for the Gowanus Canal that includes removing some of the contaminated sediment and capping dredged areas. The proposed plan also includes controls to prevent raw sewage overflows and other land-based sources of contamination from compromising the cleanup. The cost of the cleanup plan is expected to be between $467 and $504 million.

The EPA will accept public comments on its proposed plan until March 28, 2013. The EPA will hold
public meetings on January 23, 2013 at 7:00 p.m. at Public School 58 (the Carroll School), 330 Smith
Street, Brooklyn and on January 24, 2013 at 7:00 p.m. at the Joseph Miccio Community Center, 110
West 9th Street, Brooklyn to discuss the proposed plan and answer questions.

“The proposed cleanup plan for the Gowanus Canal will make essential progress in removing toxic
contaminants from this heavily polluted and battered waterway,” said Judith A. Enck, EPA Regional
Administrator. “Our overall goal is to reduce pollution and protect the health of people who live and
work in this community. The EPA encourages people to attend the January public meetings on the
proposed plan and submit written comments no later than March 28.”

More than a dozen contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals, including mercury, lead and copper, were found at high levels in the sediment in the Gowanus Canal. PAHs and heavy metals were also found in the canal water. PAHs are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage or other organic substances. PCBs were used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors and other electrical equipment and their manufacture was banned in 1979. PCBs and PAHs are suspected to be cancer-causing and PCBs can have neurological effects as well. Consumption of fish from the canal continues to this day notwithstanding fish advisories.

Completed in the mid-1800s, the Gowanus Canal was once a major industrial transportation route.
Manufactured gas plants, paper mills, tanneries and chemical plants are among the many facilities that
operated along the canal. As a result of years of discharges, stormwater runoff, raw sewage overflows
from sewer systems that carry sanitary waste from homes and rainwater from storm drains and
industrial pollutants, the Gowanus Canal has become one of the nation's most seriously contaminated
water bodies. In 2010, the Gowanus Canal was added to the Superfund list of the nation’s most
contaminated hazardous waste sites. The EPA has identified numerous parties that are potentially
responsible for the contamination including National Grid and the city of New York.

The evaluation of the alternatives for cleaning up the Gowanus Canal was divided into three segments
that correspond to the upper, middle and lower portions of the canal. The first segment, which runs
from the top of the canal to 3rd Street, and the 2nd segment, which runs from 3rd Street to just south of
the Hamilton Avenue Bridge, contain the most heavily-contaminated sediment. In the third segment,
which runs from the Hamilton Avenue Bridge to the mouth of the canal, the sediment is less
contaminated than sediment in the other segments.

For the first and second segments of the canal, the EPA is proposing to dredge approximately 307,000
cubic yards of highly contaminated sediment. In some areas where the sediment is contaminated with
liquid coal tar, the EPA is proposing to stabilize the sediment by mixing it with concrete or similar
materials. The stabilized areas would then be covered with multiple layers of clean material, including
an “active” layer made of a specific type of clay that will remove PAH contamination that could well up from below, an “isolation” layer of sand and gravel that will ensure that the contaminants are not
exposed, and an “armor” layer of heavier gravel and stone to prevent erosion of the underlying layers
from boat traffic and currents. Finally, clean sand would be placed on top of the “armor” layer to restore the canal bottom as a habitat. The plan also calls for removing contaminated material placed in the 1st Street Turning Basin decades ago.

For the third segment, the EPA is proposing to dredge 281,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment
and cap the area with an armor layer and a layer of sand to help restore habitat.

The proposed plan includes various methods for managing the contaminated sediment after dredging,
depending on the levels of contamination. The proposed methods include transporting the dredged
sediment to an off-site permitted disposal facility, transporting it to a location where the sediment can
be treated and the possible beneficial reuse of some of the sediment after treatment.

In addition, the proposed plan calls for additional controls to significantly reduce combined sewer
overflows into the canal. The EPA is concerned that such overflows would contribute to the
recontamination of the canal after its cleanup. The EPA is proposing that combined sewer overflow
discharges from two major outfalls in the upper portion of the canal be outfitted with controls to reduce
the total volume of discharges from those outfalls by 58% to 74%.

Contaminated land sites along the canal, including three former manufactured gas plants, are being
addressed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Other potential sources
of continuing contaminant discharges to the canal have been referred to the state of New York and will
be investigated and addressed as necessary.

Written comments on the proposed plan should be addressed to:

Christos Tsiamis

Project Manager

Central New York Remediation Section

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

290 Broadway, 20th Floor

New York, New York 10007-1866

e-mail: GowanusCanalComments.Region2@epa.gov

OR, contact Natalie Loney, Community Involvement Coordinator, at 212-637-3639,

To read EPA’s proposed plan for the Gowanus Canal site or for more information on the canal, visit http://www.epa.gov/region02/superfund/npl/gowanus/ or visit the EPA’s document repositories at the Carroll Gardens Library at 396 Clinton St. in Brooklyn or the Joseph Miccio Community Center, 110 West 9th Street, Brooklyn. The documents will be available in the repositories on December 28, 2012.

For a Google Earth aerial view of the Gowanus Canal, visit
http://www.epa.gov/region2/kml/gowanus_creek_and_gowanus_canal.kmz.  (Please note that you must have Google Earth installed on your computer to view the map. To download Google Earth, visit
http://earth.google.com/download-earth.html).

Follow EPA Region 2 on Twitter at http://twitter.com/eparegion2 and visit our Facebook page,
http://www.facebook.com/eparegion2.

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Full Report On Tuesday Night's EPA Gowanus Canal Superfund CAG Meeting

Jeff Edelstein, CAG Facilitator

Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 project manager for the Gowanus Canal  with Brian Carr, EPA Region 2 Legal Council

Christos Tsiamis

The Environmental Protection Agency's Gowanus Canal Superfund Community Advisory Group (CAG) held its general meeting at Mary Star Of The Sea housing on First Street last night.

Superfund progress report

Both Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 project manager for the Gowanus Canal,  and Brian Carr, EPA Region 2 Legal Council, were in attendance and gave a Superfund progress report.

Tsiamis explained that the Remedial Investigation and the Feasibility study have been completed. Based on all the collected data and discussions with various parties, namely National Grid and New York City as well as members of the community,  Region 2 has prepared a plan for the clean-up of the polluted waterway. A prototype plan was submitted to EPA's National Review Board at the agency's headquarter in Washington.  "We are right now at the stage of putting together the Plan for presentation to the public and are hoping to put it out for comment to the community by the end of this year," Tsiamis stated.

The formal review process generally lasts about 30 days, but because of the size of the community and the anticipated number of comments, the period will most likely be extended.

At that point, Region 2 has to look at all the comments that have been submitted and consider them. After the plan has been refined, a final document called a Record of Decision will be prepared.

Tsiamis concluded: "We are right on schedule.

Polytechnic Institute of New York University Professor Maurizio Porfiri

Brooklyn Atlantis

Also on the agenda last night was a presentation of 'Brooklyn Atlantis', a project led by Polytechnic Institute of New York University Professors Maurizio Porfiri and Oded Nov. A team of graduate students in Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science has been working on a system of mobile instrumented buoys with wireless capabilities for data collection and environmental monitoring. As Professor Porfiri explained last night, the buoys would move about on the Gowanus Canal, powered by rechargeable batteries that use solar energy. Cameras mounted on the buoys will be taking photos above and below the water's surface.   Sensors will monitor water quality by checking temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, ph levels (and perhaps salinity and water flow.)   Photos and data will be downloaded to a website.

An important component of Brooklyn Atlantis is the participation of citizen scientists who will be able to access images on the computer, classify wildlife on photos as well as earn points for correctly identifying objects, access sensor data for different canal locations and compare results.

The project has been funded by the National Science Foundation. Professor Porfiri expects Brooklyn Atlantis to run simultaneously to the EPA clean-up of the canal.

More information about Brooklyn Atlantis can be found at www.brooklynatlantis.poly.edu

Leah Graziano of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Chris Dorsoki of the NYS Department of Health

Public Health Assessment Of the Gowanus Superfund area

Chris Dorsoki of the New York State Department of Health and Leah Graziano of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) gave an overview of the role of their agencies and how they support the EPA and the Gowanus Canal Superfund site community.

Dorsoki and Graziano shared information about the Public Health Assessment that was prepared and the conclusions drawn from the Assessment.
Regarding the Gowanus Canal, it was found that swimming in the canal would harm people's health because of exposure to bacteria. Eating fish and crabs from the Gowanus was also a health hazard.

Dorsoki explained that a Public Health Assessment is not the same as a health study.  A few CAG members asked why such study has never been done in Gowanus, especially in light of the fact that the canal has been declared a Superfund.  Dorsoki said that a health study can take decades to complete.

After a brief discussion, Jim Vogel, representing NY State Senator Velmanette Montgomery, declared that the senator's office would formally request a study.

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EPA Region 2 Presents Gowanus Canal Feasibility Study To Community

Walter Mugdan, EPA Region 2's, 
Director of the Division of Environmental Planning and Protection

Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 project manager for the Gowanus Canal

Patty White, geologist for CH2MHill

Natalie Loney ,EPA Region 2 Community Involvement Coordinator

Brian Carr, EPA Region 2 lawyer

The Environmental Protection Agency's Region 2 team responsible for the Gowanus Canal Superfund clean-up hosted a public information meeting last night at PS 58 to present the Feasibility Study, which was released in late December 2011.

Walter Mugdan, Director of the Division of Environmental Planning and Protection, started the meeting by pointing out that his agency is on schedule. "This job is being done 2 or 3 times faster than it was plausible to expect, but the heavy lifting is yet to come, of course." he told the audience.

Mugdan praised the tremendous effort of the site's manager, Christos Tsiamis, who "is a stern task master. "  The audience gave Tsiamis a rousing round of applause.
Mugdan also acknowledged the very engaged members of the Community Advisory Group (CAG) for the Gowanus, the largest such group in the country.

Patricia White, geologist for CH2MHill, an independent contracting firm hired by the EPA, started off the presentation by reviewing background information about the site. She also explained the Feasibility Study process, which includes:
-Develop remedial action objectives
-develop preliminary remediation goals
-define remediation target areas
-identify and screen remedial technologies
-develop and screen remedial alternatives
-evaluate remedial alternatives in detail
White also pointed out that one of the key Feasibility Study consideration is re-contamination of the canal after the cl were source control from the Combined Sewer Overflow (CSOs) and storm water discharges, discharges from the three former MGP sites, contaminated groundwater discharge, street runoff and discharges from unpermitted pipes.
Christos Tsiamis took over the presentation to speak about the various technologies that were retained and combined into seven remedial alternatives and screened according to effectiveness, implementability and cost.
The sediment dredging and capping alternatives all include dredging of the highly polluted soft sediment at the bottom of the canal, but while some alternatives call for solidifying the top of the native sediment, and capping either with a two-layer cap or a three layer cap.
So far, alternatives 5 and 7 have been retained for further detailed evaluation.
The EPA is also currently evaluating the best treatment and disposal alternatives for the dredged sediment.
The alternatives include offsite disposal, offsite or onsite stabilization with beneficial use, thermal desorption, offsite cogeneration or offsite or onsite stabilization and disposal in a constructed Confined Disposal Facility (CDF)
Of course, Tsiamis pointed out, the Gowanus Canal cannot be cleaned effectively without eliminating the CSO discharges from New York City's sewer system as well as the coal tar oozing from the three National Grid MGP sites lining the canal. The CSO discharges "cannot go on from our perspective" Tsiamis stated.
New York City's Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has been given a schedule by DEP. Tsiamis will meet with the City to discuss this matter further in February.  ***It is important to note her that the City, one of the major Potentially Responsible Parties (PRP) has not yet signed a consent order to take responsibility of their part of the clean-up.
As for the former MGP sites, EPA is coordinating and prioritizing with National Grid, which is responsible for the clean-up and NYS Department Of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the agency in charge of overseeing the remediation of those sites. According to Walter Mugdan, DEC has been very aggressive in moving forward.

Walter Mugdan diplomatically added: "In due course, we hope that all the involved agencies will recognize what needs to be done."
The next step? A proposed remedy will be presented to the public in 6 to 8 months, and a remedy will be selected by the end of 2012.
Last night's EPA presentation can be viewed online here.


**In one final note, it was announced last night that the EPA Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) for the Gowanus Canal Superfund was awarded to Friends And Residents Of Greater Gowanus.Congratulations to Marlene Donnelly, Bette Stoltz, Linda Mariano, Margaret Maugenest and Diane Buxbaum and all the members of FROGG for their hard work on behalf of the community.

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Important Issues Discussed And Voted On At Last Night's Gowanus Superfund CAG Meeting

EPA's Christos Tsiamis, seated, and Gowanus CAG facilitator Jeff Edelstein, standing

Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 project manager for the Gowanus Canal 

Brian Carr, EPA Region 2 lawyer

Still from " Perfume vs. Miasma" on the Gowanus Canal by Rebecca Volinsky

Still from 'Gouwane' by Susannah Sayler and Edward Morris

The EPA Community Advisory Committee (CAG) for the Gowanus Canal Superfund gathered at the Brooklyn Historical Society for its monthly meeting last night.  Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region Two project manager and Brian Carr, a lawyer for Region 2, were both in attendance for a question and answer session.

Tsiamis  had brought along two short movies about the canal,  which had been screened at the "Canary Project"* art exhibit at Parsons School of Design, to which he had been invited. The movies offered visions for the Gowanus Canal post clean-up by various artists.  "It was a case of art informing science" Christos told the CAG.
Indeed, both 'Perfume vs. Miasma" by Rebecca Volinsky and 'Gouwani' by Suzanne Sailors and Ed Morris were well worth watching.
-Tsiamis also informed the CAG that the Feasibility Study (FS), which outlines the different options for a clean-up, will be released at the end of the year.  There will be a public meeting to discuss the FS in January 2012.
The discussion between members of the CAG and Tsiamis was broad and included such topics as bulkheads,  additional grants for technical assistance and plans for the First Street and Fourth Street canal basins, which were filled in decades ago.
-The CAG also voted on a resolution first discussed at a Water Quality/Technical Committees meeting on November 29th. It reads:
The Community Advisory Group requests that NYC DEP install real-time flow meters as soon as possible, but no later than February 15, 2012 on the Combined Sewer Overflows Identified as RH35, OH37, RH34 and OH05.
The goal is to collect data ahead of the re-activation of the Flushing Tunnel in the fall of 2012 and to determine whether the flow figures cited by the DEP are reasonable.  Local officials will be cc'd  on the request.  The resolution passed easily.
-Another important topic of the night was the Whole Foods site, located at the corner of Third Avenue and Third Street in Gowanus.  Whole Foods is scheduled to appear in front of  the Board Of Standards And Appeals (BSA) on December 13th, concerning their request for a variance to permit a food store contrary to use regulations in an M2-1 zoning district. Since the proposed 56,000 s.f. store will be built on a site that has the largest frontage of any property along the Gowanus Canal, some members of the CAG felt that the scale of the project, the proposed 12 foot grade change and bulkhead plan for the site could adversely affect the Superfund clean-up.
The following resolution was put forth buy the CAG:
1) The Gowanus CAG Requests that the NYC BSA postpone its decision on Whole Food's Variance Application until the EPA releases its Record of Decision for the clean-up plan. 2)The CAG requests that Whole Foods Market present to the CAG their general site work and bulkhead plan.
The resolution passed easily.
*The Canary Project at Parsons will run until December 15th.

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EPA Gowanus Superfund CAG Holding General Meeting Tonight

The Environmental Protection Agency's Gowanus Superfund Community Advisory Group (CAG) is holding its general meeting tonight, December 5, from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. at the Brooklyn Historical Society, 128 Pierrepont Street.  On the agenda is a question and answer session with Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 project manager for the Gowanus Canal.
There will also be updates from the various committees. 
The meeting is open to all.

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EPA's Tsiamis Talks Clean-Up Feasibility At Last Night's Gowanus Canal CAG Meeting

Natalie Loney ,Community Involvement Coordinator

and Christos Tsiamis, Gowanus Superfund Project Manager for EPA

Christos Tsiamis

EPA's Christos Tsiamis and Brian Carr

As promised when they declared the Gowanus Canal a Superfund site, the Environmental Protection Agency is keeping the community informed every step of the way about the agency's work on the heavily polluted waterway.

Earlier this year, and after many months of testing and field work, Christos Tsiamis, Chief Engineer of the EPA's Gowanus Canal Superfund, came in front of the Community Advisory Committee (CAG) to present the Risk Assessment study he had prepared . Last night, at the CAG's general meeting, he presented the Feasibility Study, that is currently in progress and will be issued at the end of the year. Previous to last night's presentation, Tsiamis had engaged and shared the information with some of the other players involved in the clean-up: The NYS Department of Environmental Conservancy, The NYC Department Of Environmental Protection, The Army Corps of Engineers, National Grid, as well as architects from DLandStudio, a firm that was awarded a grant to design a sponge park on the banks of the Gowanus.

Based on the findings of the Risk Assessment, the EPA evaluated different approaches that will enable the agency to eliminate or reduce health risks to humans and wildlife. Tsiamis re-iterated once again that any action taken by the EPA is determined by the CERCLA Superfund Laws and that there are certain criteria that need to be followed. "When we find contaminants, the Superfund Law tells us we need to clean and threat them. That's what we do."

Last night's presentation focused on the best and safest methods that can be employed in this very complex case.

If treatment of the toxic material is not possible at the site itself, the agency can creates conditions that keep contaminants in place and removes the risk of contact with the pathogens. If containment of contaminants is nor feasible, they are removed and disposed of in licensed facilities.

The simplest clean-up available would be to treat the material biologically in place by introducing bacteria. However, in regards to the Gowanus, that hardly will be enough. "Experience tells me that it will not be possible to use bio-remediation in this case because more complex chemicals and metals can not be broken down with bacteria" Tsiamis explained.

The second solution could be to remove the matter and to treat it thermally by heating up the soil contaminants and thereby rendering them non-toxic. Another solution is a physical treatment that would encapsule the toxic material in a solid or rendering it into a non-toxic block.

Capping the material in place is also being considered. A layer of sand could provide a barrier between the material and the water above it. However, in the case of the Gowanus, sand could be displaced by the turbulence caused by the flushing tunnel.

The material could also be capped using a layer of cement to immobilize contaminants, especially metals. New "augmented" caps are now available that are made of less than six inches of clay material that not only creates a barrier, but can also absorb chemicals.

One problem in relation to the Gowanus is that the soft Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPL) contaminated sludge at the bottom of the Gowanus is too soft and lacks the structural integrity to support such a cap.

According to Tsiamis, "the wisest thing to do is to remove the toxic material and to cap the remaining native sediment with a different buffer." He spoke of adding an' armored cap' with an additional layer of pebbles on top of the native sediment.

It is clear that there will be various approaches and treatments used in different portions of the canal according to their characteristics. It is Tsiamis' intention to take advantage of the newest technology as it becomes available.

Whatever method is used, the EPA is going to make sure that what the canal doesn't get re-contaminated from New York City's Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO's), storm water run-off, and most importantly, free moving toxic product from about 10 to 12 sites along the canal, including Public Place and the Lowe's site.

Christos Tsiamis is committed to continue to engage the other agencies. "This is a golden opportunity to get this right" he told the CAG. "We need the expertise of everyone' and that he 'wants to make sure we are looking at everything." He added: "If we succeed, this will be a crown on everyone's head."

No doubt, this is a historic opportunity to get it right.

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"Star Of The Gowanus": An Official Superfund Clean-Up Surface Sediment Sample Now On Display At Proteus Gowanus

Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 Project Manager for the Gowanus Canal

The "Star Of The Gowanus", a sample of toxic surface sediment from the Gowanus Canal

EPA's Tsiamis handing the sample to Eymund Diegel and to Tammy Pittman of Proteus Gowanus

Eymund Diegel placing the specimen in a secure glass enclosure

A small Gowanus Canal surface sediment sample, collected between Sackett Street and DeGraw Street on February 2011 as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's Remediation Investigation of the polluted waterway, will be on permanent display as part of Proteus Gowanus' Hall Of The Gowanus exhibit.

The "Star of The Gowanus," as the sample has been humorously named, was handed to local resident and urban planner Eymund Diegel by Christos Tsiamis, EPA Region 2 Project Manager for the Gowanus Canal on Thursday morning. The sample was quickly and carefully placed in a secured glass display case.

A "Caution" sticker on the sample warns in no uncertain terms of the toxic nature of the sediment. The primary contaminants that have been found in this black sludge are:

*Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's)

*Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

*Metals (barium, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver)

*Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX)

*Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)

The contaminants are the results of decades of industrial pollution.

The idea for the "Star of The Gowanus" exhibit came from Eymund Diegel, who has been working with Proteus Gowanus to archive artifacts from the canal's past. Diegel reached out to the EPA to ask the federal agency to donate a sample of the sediment so it could be preserved for future generation.

Diegel plans to use the exhibit to inform and challenge local students. Next to the sample of the toxic sludge, he has placed common, seemingly benign household products available at any local hardware store, which pollute our environment and cause health risks. Diegel has also displayed a broken I-Pod with its Lithium Manganese battery, which was found along the shores of the Gowanus. The parts and the battery are a danger to the environment just as much as the toxins in the canal.

Yes, Diegel argues, the sample of the sludge from the Gowanus Canal is hazardous and represents decades of unchecked pollution. However, everyone needs to be aware of the pollution we create today, which is equally harmful to the environment and to our future.

I would like to thank Eymund Diegel, Christos Tsiamis and Tammy Pittman for allowing me to witness the event.

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